Electronic system having increased coupling by using horizontal and vertical communication channels

ABSTRACT

An electronic system supports superior coupling by implementing a communication mechanism that provides at least for horizontal communication for example, on the basis of wired and/or wireless communication channels, in the system. Hence, by enhancing vertical and horizontal communication capabilities in the electronic system, a reduced overall size may be achieved, while nevertheless reducing complexity in printed circuit boards coupled to the electronic system. In this manner, overall manufacturing costs and reliability of complex electronic systems may be enhanced.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application for patent Ser. No. 13/801,354 filed Mar. 13, 2013, which claims priority to Italian Patent Application No. VI2012A000060, filed Mar. 19, 2012, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Generally, an embodiment relates to packaging and assembly processes of electronic systems that include one or more integrated circuits (ICs).

BACKGROUND

Immense progress has been made in the field of semiconductor production techniques by steadily reducing the critical dimensions of circuit elements, such as transistors, in highly complex integrated circuits. For example, critical dimensions of 30 nm or less have been implemented in highly complex logic circuitry and memory devices, thereby achieving high integration and packing density. Consequently, more and more functions may be integrated into a single integrated circuit die, thereby providing the possibility of forming entire systems on a semiconductor substrate of the integrated circuit die so that highly complex electronic circuits may be formed on the basis of a common manufacturing process (such as were plural integrated circuit dice are fabricated on a semiconductor wafer and subsequently diced apart).

Typically, upon increasing the complexity of an integrated circuit provided on a single integrated circuit die, the input/output (IO) capabilities also are increased in order to address the demands for communication with peripheral circuits in complex electronic systems. Typically, an integrated circuit die is coupled to an appropriate support substrate, for example, a lead frame, with the assembly then being encapsulated within a container or package to provide a packaged integrated circuit device. The package may impart superior thermal and mechanical integrity to the integrated circuit die and which may also present an appropriate interface so as to provide an electrical coupling from the package containing the integrated circuit die to a peripheral electronic component, such as a printed circuit board (PCB), which in turn may have any appropriate configuration so as to represent a part of an overall complex electronic system. Frequently used contact technologies for coupling the integrated circuit die within a package include wire bonding or direct electrical coupling of appropriately designed contact structures provided on the integrated circuit die and the support substrate for the package. For example, in the case of direct contact, solder balls, solder bumps, contact pads, or any other appropriate contact elements in the form of metal pillars and the like may be provided in appropriate metallization systems of the integrated circuit die in order to establish a reliable electrical and mechanical coupling upon attachment to the support substrate.

Although the packing density of complex integrated circuits has been significantly increased due to the reduction of the critical dimensions, as discussed above, the volumetric packing density of the device packages has not been increased in a similar proportion, since for higher complexity of the integrated circuits, in which basically a two dimensional complex arrangement of circuit elements is provided, a corresponding highly complex routing system is used in the package so as to finally appropriately couple to a PCB in order to combine the various components of a complex electronic system. To increase the volumetric packing density of an integrated circuit package, it has been proposed to provide three-dimensional (3D) die systems, in which two or more integrated circuit dies are provided in a stacked configuration within a single package, thereby significantly increasing the volumetric packing density for a given dimension of the package.

The three-dimensional assembly of the integrated circuit dies, however, may require appropriate routing strategies in order to establish electric communication between the individual electronic circuits provided in the various integrated circuit dies. Furthermore, generally the complexity of the routing arrangement in the package may also increase in order to provide the required input/output capabilities for coupling the package to other components, such as other packages and external electronic components of the electronic system under consideration. Typically the configuration of the contact structure of the integrated circuit dies, which are designed for a three-dimensional package configuration, may also significantly affect the entire design of each integrated circuit die as well as any related processes, such as the electrical test of individual integrated circuit dies. Furthermore, overall functionality of integrated circuit dies may depend on the characteristics of a three-dimensional package configuration, since, for instance, generally an increased length of electrical couplings may affect the high frequency behavior of complex systems, while also the thermal and mechanical constraints may have an influence on the finally obtained performance characteristics of a three-dimensional electronic system.

As shown in FIG. 1a , integrated circuits (IC) 102 a, . . . , 102 d are typically formed on a semiconductor wafer 101, such as a silicon wafer, or any other appropriate carrier material. Each of the ICs 102 a, . . . , 102 d may include at least one electronic circuit, such as complex digital circuitry, possibly in combination with memory areas, analog circuitry, power circuitry, or any combination and the like. An individual portion 102 of the wafer 101 may include a plurality of integrated circuits 102 a, . . . , 102 d, each of which forming an integrated circuit die after the wafer 101 has been diced. The ICs are provided in array form on the wafer 101 with appropriately dimensioned scribe lines 104 separating the individual ICs 102 from each other and defining the location where the dicing operation is performed to separate the ICs in to a plurality of integrated circuit dies. Each integrated circuit is enclosed by a metal region 103, usually referred to as seal ring or guard ring. The seal ring may provide for mechanical integrity during the separation of the wafer 101 by dicing. The scribe lines 104 may include appropriate test structures 105, which may be used for controlling and monitoring the overall process quality of the various manufacturing processes involved. Consequently, at a final stage of processing the integrated circuits ICs disposed on a wafer, electrical tests may be performed by using the test structures 105 (TEG: Test Element Group) provided in the scribe lines 104 and also electrical tests may be performed with the individual integrated circuits prior to separating the wafer 101 into individual integrated circuit dies.

As a consequence, the integrated circuits 102 are designed so as to achieve the required functionality in combination with a high die-internal integration density, thereby reducing the overall dimension of the integrated circuit die and allowing the fabrication of an increased number of integrated circuits on a single integrated circuit die. Furthermore, the design and manufacturing flow for fabricating the integrated circuits 102 on the wafer 101 are optimized such that the final electrical tests on a wafer basis may be performed with a desired high efficiency and fault coverage prior to incorporating the individual integrated circuit dies into an appropriate package to form a packaged integrated circuit device.

As is well-known, a general electronic system is coupled to the outside world by means of couplings/wired channels, such as cables or wires, optical fibers, etc., or by means of wireless channels of an electromagnetic type. Such couplings allow for exchanging information signals and/or supplying power/energy.

At the lowest level of an electronic system, couplings of circuit elements within a single integrated circuit die are established by providing conductive lines and an appropriate metallization system including vertical couplings or vias and horizontal metal lines, wherein in complex integrated circuits a plurality of metallization layers are stacked in order to provide the required electrical couplings between the individual circuit elements formed in an underlying semiconductor substrate. The intercoupling of different integrated circuit dies and of integrated circuit dies within a package is typically accomplished by providing appropriately dimensioned and positioned contact pads, for instance, at the last the metallization layer of the metallization system of a semiconductor device. Hence, such contact pads represent terminals or interfaces, which may couple to any other electronic components, such as a package support substrate, on the one hand, and may couple to metal lines and vias of the metallization system so as to finally couple to the individual circuit elements according to the required circuit layout.

The electrical coupling between a contact pad of the device and a system component may be implemented by wire bonding or bumps, i.e., protruding conductive elements used for contact, which are directly coupled to the pad.

In the case of the SiPs (System in package), extremely complex configurations may arise due to the complexity of the electrical couplings of the various parts, i.e., ICs dies, passive components, PCB, etc., of the system. Consequently, great efforts are being made for obtaining a compact contact structure in order to reduce the overall size of packages that may include one or more individual integrated circuit dies.

For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,815,254, which is incorporated by reference, refers to the general issue of packaging complex semiconductor devices. In this document it is considered an important problem that packages of semiconductor devices generally allow access to the internal integrated circuit die only from a bottom side of the package. In particular when providing stacked integrated circuit dies in a package, appropriately designed contact structures are provided. Furthermore, due to the sophisticated manufacturing techniques and test procedures performed on a wafer basis, generally high-production yield may be obtained, wherein, however, upon packaging two or more semiconductor chips into a single package, any rework or modification of the packaged integrated circuit die is typically not possible, thereby increasing the probability of obtaining reduced production yield in a very late stage of the overall fabrication process.

In order to address the above identified problems, it is suggested in this U.S. Pat. No. 6,815,254 to provide a package assembly that includes an intervening package that may be coupled to a first package from a first substrate on the first side of the package and may be coupled to a second package from a second substrate on a second opposing side of the package. The electrical contact from one side of the intervening package to the other side may be established by bypassing the semiconductor die. That is, an appropriate contact structure is provided within the package that allows electrical coupling between two opposite sides of the semiconductor package without contacting the semiconductor die.

Although this concept may provide for superior coupling within the integrated circuit package, it appears, however, that the coupling is only enhanced in the vertical direction at the cost of horizontally increasing the dimensions of the first and second substrates in order to allow wire bonding for coupling the integrated circuit die within the package to a package substrate and to accommodate the additional vertical couplings, which provide for the direct electrical coupling between the first and second substrates without contacting the integrated circuit die. Furthermore, a further area may be required for the routing within the first and second substrates.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,923,290, which is incorporated by reference, relates to manufacturing techniques that address the demands for increased miniaturization of components, greater packaging density of integrated circuits, superior performance, and reduced costs for complex electronic devices, in particular with respect to portable information and communication devices, such as cellular phones, personal data assistants (PDAs), camcorders, notebook computers, and the like. As stated in U.S. Pat. No. 7,923,290, new solutions may be required with respect to conventional semiconductor packages, in which a semiconductor die is molded into a package with resin, wherein numerous package approaches have been proposed, such as a stacked configuration of multiple integrated circuit die, package in package (PIP), stacked package configurations, or package on package (POP), or any combinations thereof.

Basically, U.S. Pat. No. 7,923,290 proposes a solution in which an integrated-circuit packaging system is formed by providing a pre-formed interposer with a through-hole via above an integrated circuit die and a support structure in order to couple the integrated circuit die with a substrate positioned below the integrated circuit die and with a further package provided above the interposer. On the other hand, the additional support structure provides for direct contact between the bottom substrate and the additional package without requiring direct contact of the integrated circuit die. This is a configuration of the type PoP (Package on Package) and, thus, the area occupied by the package is dominated by the die with the largest dimensions. The presence of the support structure increases the dimensions of the package. Moreover, in this concept all intercouplings are finally rooted to the bottom surface of the lower package for being coupled to a PCB. Furthermore, the routing within the integrated circuit die is implemented on the basis of a TSV (through-silicon via or through substrate via) approach of the “via last” type, which, thus, requires the formation of the vias through the entire IC.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,646,446, which is incorporated by reference, aims at improving density in packaging so as to allow full performance potential of intercoupled integrated circuit dies. As stated in this document, typical integrated-circuit packages may contain only one die, wherein the package is substantially larger than the die, thereby significantly restricting the overall packaging density. These conventional packaging systems based on a printed circuit board with single die packages are inappropriate to provide a desired high number of dies within a volume and weight compatible with the demands of advanced circuit applications. In order to address these problems, it is suggested in this document to provide a three-dimensional flexible assembly of integrated circuits, wherein a folded flexible substrate with integrated circuit dies is provided. According to the proposed solution, mechanically and electrically functional attachment of integrated-circuit dies to one or both sides of the flexible substrates is accomplished by using a flip chip technique.

Hence, in this approach, a flexible printed circuit is used for coupling the various ICs in a vertically stacked configuration. Moreover, in this approach, all intercouplings are finally routed to the bottom surface of the package for being coupled to a PCB.

In United State Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0187676, which is incorporated by reference, the problem of reduced coupling in semiconductor packages is addressed by providing a cube semiconductor package. The package includes a semiconductor-die module including a semiconductor die having a first surface, a second surface opposite to the first surface, and side surfaces, wherein bond pads are placed on the first surface, and through-electrodes are provided, which pass through the first and second surfaces. Moreover, redistribution lines are placed at least on the first and/or second surface and are electrically coupled with the through-electrodes and the bond pads. End portions of the redistribution lines are flush with the side surfaces.

Furthermore, coupling members, such as solder bumps, are placed on the side surfaces and are electrically coupled with the ends of the redistribution lines. In United State Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0187676 are described, with reference to FIGS. 1 to 4, various examples of a cube semiconductor package, in which a side surface of the semiconductor die is used as a contact area coupled to the chip internal circuit elements by the redistribution lines, which in turn are formed on an insulation layer that is provided on a top surface of the semiconductor die. In some examples as described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the solder bumps at the side surface turn out to be very small due to the thickness of the metal of the redistribution lines. In addition, the semiconductor diep is separated from the wafer, as also discussed above, so that typically a non-perfect side surface is generated during the dicing of the wafer, thereby also restricting the degree of alignment of the solder bump formed on the side surface. That is, the solder bumps formed on the side surface may not be appropriately aligned with each other. It is, therefore, very difficult to assemble and laterally couple two ICs lying on the same plane, and such a coupling turns out to be barely reliable, and may carry low levels of current.

Furthermore, the through-electrodes are made of a conducting material and extend through the integrated circuit die, without addressing the problem of an insulation between the through-electrodes and the semiconductor substrate of the integrated circuit die, which is generally conductive with a resistivity of fractions of ohm*cm or more. Therefore, the through-electrodes may form short-circuits or leakage paths to the semiconductor substrate of the integrated circuit die.

In other embodiments described in United State Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0187676 with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, the contact area between the solder bumps and the redistribution lines at the side surface may be enhanced by providing extension parts of the redistribution lines. That is, the extension parts are provided on the side surface of the integrated circuit die in order to increase the dimensions of the contact area between the solder bump and the metal of the redistribution layer. However, no electrical insulation between the extension part and the side surface of the integrated circuit die is provided. It appears that the insulation layer is only present on top of the surface of the integrated circuit die.

As known, the wafer may have test structures (TEG) in the scribe lines, as discussed above with reference to FIG. 1a of the present patent application. For this purpose, some metal regions may be exposed laterally at the integrated circuit die after the dicing of the wafer. Consequently, such laterally exposed metal regions may come into contact with the extension parts, thereby possibly forming short-circuits and/or leakage paths.

Furthermore, such test structures (TEG) are typically formed on the semiconductor substrate of the integrated circuit die, which, as said before, is usually conducting and is usually grounded.

Consequently, since a proper lateral insulation between the extension parts and the side surface of the integrated circuit die is lacking, the system is unreliable and short circuits may arise with the substrate or leakage paths may form with the semiconductor substrate or other circuits (portions of TEGs circuits) or between the different extension parts. Therefore, the system may not work correctly, or may exhibit reduced reliability. Moreover, any technical advice as to how the extension parts could be formed on the side surface is not provided in United State Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0187676. Hence, also coupling between an integrated circuit die and a package extended to the side surface of the integrated circuit die, the solution proposed in United State Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0187676 may result in reduced reliability.

Furthermore, in very complex electronic systems including a plurality of packages, each of which may include one or more integrated circuit dies, the couplings of the various packages are distributed in the horizontal direction due to the required routing layout for the various components on one PCB. The various PCBs are then coupled to each other.

FIG. 1b schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view of an electronic system 100, in which integrated circuit dies 102 a, 102 b and 102 c are disposed in corresponding packages 110 a, 110 b, 110 c, wherein coupling of the integrated circuit dies with the corresponding packages is established by means of a corresponding contact structure 106 a, 106 b, 106 c, which is shown in the form of a direct coupling, while in other cases, alternatively or additionally a wire-bond contact structure may be provided. On the other hand, the various packages communicate with a respective PCB, such as PCBs 130 a, 130 b by means of the corresponding package substrates 111 a, 111 b, 111 c in combination with a corresponding contact structure 112 a, 112 b, 112 c. As discussed above, in the corresponding PCBs, appropriate horizontal wiring networks, which are generally indicated as 131 a, 131 b, are provided so as to couple the various components of the electronic system 100. In the example shown, the PCB 130 b provides the wiring network 131 b so as to appropriately couple to the packages 110 b, 110 c. On the other hand, the PCB 130 a provides the lateral routing so as to couple to the package 110 a. Furthermore, both PCBs 130 a, 130 b additionally include horizontal routing resources so as to couple to a vertical coupling 132, which is configured enable the coupling of the individual PCBs 130 a, 130 b.

Increasing the number of integrated circuit dies in the package helps to reduce the dimension of the whole system. However, the support substrate of the package couples the various ICs in the package to the other system components external to the package. This makes the routing extremely complicated, which often requires increasing the number of layers of the PCB and of the package substrate besides requiring an increase of the area occupied by the package substrate.

FIG. 1c schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view of the electronic system, wherein the package 110 a includes two integrated circuit dies, thereby requiring a more complex contact structure 106 a so as to couple to the package substrate. Furthermore, the complexity of the contact structure 112 a also increases, thereby also requiring a more complex horizontal wiring network 131 a in the bottom PCB 130 a. Although the overall size of the electronic system 100 in FIG. 1c may be reduced compared to the system 100 of FIG. 1b , increased complexity of the PCB 130 a may render this solution less attractive.

Current packaging architectures are limited due to the fact that the coupling of the integrated circuit dies and the package develops in the vertical direction, and this often requires the routing between the various packages to increase in a substantially horizontal direction. Indeed, all intercouplings are brought to the bottom surface of the package for being coupled to a PCB and, when necessary, a part of intercouplings is also routed to the top surface for being coupled to an upper package (PoP).

Furthermore, for coupling the various PCBs, couplers and cables are used which increase the volume of the total system. Hence, with increasing complexity of the electronic system, the volume of the system may increase even in an over-proportional manner.

Also in the case of 3D integration in integrated circuit dies by means of TSV, the coupling of the various ICs is extended in a vertical direction.

FIG. 1d schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view of an electronic system 100, in which a plurality of integrated circuit dies 102 a, 102 b, 102 c are directly coupled by forming a vertically arranged stack of integrated circuit dies, which may bonded to each other face to face or face to back or back to back, and the like. In the example shown, the integrated circuit die 102 a includes a semiconductor substrate 108 a, above which is provided an appropriate multilevel metallization system which is bonded to the integrated circuit die 102 b, i.e., to the metallization system of the die, thereby establishing a face to face coupling. On the other hand, the substrate 108 b of the integrated circuit die 102 b includes an appropriate contact structure coupling to the metallization system and also to the bottom of the thinned semiconductor substrate 108 b so as to couple to the metallization system of the integrated circuit die 102 c, thereby implementing a face-to-back coupling. On the other hand, an appropriate contact structure on the basis of through-hole vias 106 v may also be present at the back side of the thinned semiconductor substrate 108 of the integrated circuit die 102 c, thereby enabling coupling to a corresponding package substrate.

Summarizing the above-described approaches that may be encountered in conventional electronic systems, it may be pointed out that generally, coupling in the packaging develops in a vertical direction, whereas in the PCBs the coupling increases in complexity in a horizontal direction, while in some cases the coupling provided on the basis of a side surface of an IC may suffer from reduced production yield and reliability.

SUMMARY

An embodiment further reduces the dimensions of a generic, in particular, of complex electronic, system by increasing the coupling of the ICs and/or of the packages.

Generally, an embodiment provides electronic systems and corresponding manufacturing techniques, in which coupling of integrated circuits (ICs) and/or packages used for accommodating the integrated circuits is increased by designing the components such that coupling is imparted both in the vertical direction and in the horizontal direction, thereby realizing communication between integrated-circuit dies, between integrated-circuit dies and a package, and between a plurality of packages in a three-dimensional configuration.

Currently, coupling of ICs and packages develops on major surfaces with some less reliable approaches using a side surface of an integrated circuit die, as discussed above, while an embodiment relates to systems and techniques in which the other surfaces of the IC and the package are involved.

Thus, ICs and packages are provided which are able to communicate with each other by means of wired lines and/or electromagnetic waves, i.e., wireless links, and such ICs and the package will be arranged above, below, and laterally next to each other. In this manner, the whole electronic system is to be imagined in three dimensions. Therefore, coupling of ICs and packages will evolve from two-dimensional (2D) to 3D, i.e., from a basically planar configuration to a volumetric configuration. Consequently, the ICs and the package(s) will be able to couple to other ICs and packages while taking advantage, in addition of the conventionally used bottom surface and top surface, of their entire side surfaces or, at least, a part of them.

In particular, an embodiment of an electronic system includes an integrated-circuit die including a semiconductor substrate and having a die top surface, an oppositely arranged die bottom surface, and a die side surface. Furthermore, the electronic system includes a package accommodating the integrated-circuit die and includes a package top surface, a package bottom surface, and a package side surface. Moreover, the electronic system includes a communication mechanism including a communication pad formed in an insulating material above the die side surface and/or the package side surface, wherein the communication pad is electrically insulated from at least the semiconductor substrate by the insulating material. The communication mechanism further includes a communication structure so as to communicatively couple to the communication pad.

According to an embodiment, the side surface of an integrated-circuit die and/or of a package accommodating one or more integrated-circuit dies is used as a communication interface in a system internal communication mechanism for communicating with other semiconductor dies and/or packages. Contrary to conventional approaches discussed above, the communication pad and the associated communication structure are appropriately formed in the insulating material in order to ensure reliable insulation of the communication pad and the communication structure at least from the semiconductor substrate of the integrated-circuit die. In this manner, signal exchange and/or power exchange with a metallization system of the integrated circuit die may be established on the basis of the communication structure so that the communication pad formed above the side surface of the integrated circuit die and/or the package may be used as a terminal of a signal path or a power line, which is able to provide a coupling to a further integrated circuit die and/or a further package. In one illustrative embodiment, the insulating material is formed on the integrated circuit die top surface and/or the integrated circuit die bottom surface and extends above at least a portion of the integrated circuit die side surface. In this configuration the insulating material is, for instance, in direct contact with a metallization system of the integrated circuit die, for instance provided on the front side or at the back side of the integrated circuit die, thereby ensuring a reliable contact with at least a part of circuitry provided in the integrated circuit die. The communication structure provided in the insulating material may thus communicate with any internal circuitry by means of direct contact, using any appropriate contact structure in the metallization system together with appropriately sized and positioned contact pads in the insulating material, or by means of wireless communication channels, such as capacitive or inductive coupling, by means of radio frequency (RF) signals, or by means of optical signals.

In some illustrative embodiments, the insulating material may be provided in the form of a flexible material, such as appropriate polymer materials, in which conductive regions may be incorporated so as to define conductors and appropriate contact or communication pads in order to couple to the metallization system of the integrated circuit die on the one hand and couple to at least the communication pad provided above the side surface of the integrated circuit die on the other hand. For example, the insulating material may be formed as an appropriate layer stack including conductive regions in order to provide the communication structure and the communication pad, thereby allowing the application of well-established semiconductor manufacturing techniques. The final geometric configuration may then be established after separating the wafer into individual integrated circuit dies, while preserving electrical and mechanical integrity of the communication pad and the communication structure. In other cases, any other appropriate insulating material may be used, which may be brought into a desired geometric configuration after providing the individual integrated circuit dies, for instance by applying heat-forming techniques, and the like, thereby also ensuring integrity of the basic integrated circuit die while enabling a reliable and approximately exact positioning of the communication pad above the side surface of the integrated circuit die.

In still other illustrative embodiments, the insulating material may include optically active channels, such as waveguides and associated optical components in order to guide optical signals from dedicated locations within the integrated circuit die to the communication pad via the communication structure. In this case, the insulating material may preserve mechanical integrity of the integrated circuit die and may also ensure optical and mechanical characteristics for reliably exchanging optical signals between the communication pad and the integrated circuit die.

In an illustrative embodiment, the communication structure in the insulating material includes a conductive line extending from a contact pad formed above the integrated circuit die bottom surface or the integrated circuit die top surface to the communication pad. Hence, a reliable electrical coupling is established in the communication structure between a contact pad, which may thus allow efficient electrical contact to the integrated circuit die, for instance to a front-side metallization or a back-side metallization, and the communication pad.

In an illustrative embodiment, the communication pad has formed thereon a conductive contact material configured to enable direct electrical and mechanical contact to the package. In this embodiment, the conductive contact material may be provided in the form of a ball-shaped solder material, a conductive adhesive, and the like, thereby realizing a direct mechanical and electrical contact with the package. In other cases, any other appropriate configuration of the conductive material is provided, for instance in the form of a bump or pillar or wire so as to establish an electrical contact by soldering and the like.

In an embodiment, the electronic system further includes a second integrated-circuit die including a second communication pad formed above a die side surface of the second integrated-circuit die, wherein the integrated-circuit die and the second integrated-circuit die are arranged to communicate with each other. An advantageous concept of providing a reliable communication by means of the communication pad formed above the side surface may thus be used in more complex electronic systems, thereby reducing the overall volume of the electronic system without compromising the inter-die communication and/or the die-package communication, while also reducing complexity of the routing of any PCBs, which may couple to the one or more packages of the electronic system.

In an illustrative embodiment, the semiconductor substrate of the integrated-circuit die is bonded to a semiconductor substrate of the second integrated-circuit die so as to establish the communication. In this case, the die-to-die communication is established on the basis of any appropriate contact structure provided on the respective back side of the integrated-circuit dies, for instance using appropriate back-side metallization systems in combination with through silicon vias (TSV), while the communication pads provided above the side surfaces are available for die-to-die communication with other integrated circuit dies or are available for die-package communication.

In a further illustrative embodiment, the integrated-circuit die is positioned above the second integrated-circuit die so as to establish the communication through a substrate of the integrated-circuit die and a horizontal communication pad formed above a die top surface of the second integrated-circuit die.

Generally, a concept of providing the insulating material having incorporated therein the communication structure and at least one communication pad positioned above the side surface of the integrated-circuit die offers a high degree of freedom in combining two or more integrated-circuit dies within a single package, while nevertheless allowing superior coupling between the individual integrated circuit dies and between the integrated circuit dies and the package. In the above-described embodiments, basically a stacked configuration is formed, wherein the die-to-die communication is accomplished through the major surface areas of the integrated circuit dies, while still providing for enhanced coupling on the basis of the communication pad positioned above a side surface of at least the integrated-circuit die.

In a further illustrative embodiment, the integrated-circuit die and the second integrated-circuit die are laterally arranged side by side and the insulating material is formed above the integrated-circuit die and the second integrated-circuit die so as to establish the communication. In this case, the insulating material may be provided commonly for the integrated-circuit die and the second integrated circuit die so that the communication structure provided in the insulating material may appropriately couple to respective metallization systems of both integrated-circuit dies, while at least some of the side surfaces of the integrated-circuit die and the second integrated circuit die are still available for positioning one or more communication pads in order to increase coupling with respect to other integrated-circuit dies and/or with respect to the package.

In a further illustrative embodiment, the integrated-circuit die and the second integrated-circuit die are laterally arranged side by side, wherein the second communication pad of the second integrated-circuit die is formed in a second insulating material and the communication is established via the communication pad and the second communication pad. That is, both integrated-circuit dies, arranged in a laterally adjacent configuration, may individually be provided with an insulating material having formed therein a communication structure and one or more communication pads provided above side surfaces of the integrated-circuit dies, wherein at least one communication pad of each die is used for the die-to-die communication. In this manner, the corresponding insulating materials and the respective communication structures incorporated therein, as well as the communication pads, may be formed on the basis of design criteria that are specifically selected with respect to each individual integrated-circuit die, thereby providing for superior flexibility in organizing the manufacturing process. For example, as already discussed above, the insulating material including the communication structure and the communication pad may be formed on a wafer basis, thereby providing for a highly efficient overall manufacturing flow. In other cases, the insulating material may be provided for a plurality of individual circuit dies of the same type after the integrated circuits have been separated by singulation into plural integrated circuit dies, thereby also ensuring a highly efficient manufacturing flow, since the layout of the communication structure and the communication pads is typically adapted only to one specific type of integrated-circuit dies.

It should be appreciated that generally, different concepts may be applied for the electronic system with respect to providing the insulating material having incorporated therein the appropriate communication structure and the communication pad. For example, two or more integrated-circuit dies may be positioned laterally next to each other, wherein the die-to-die communication may be established on the basis of a commonly provided insulating material and the corresponding communication structure formed therein, which may thus appropriately couple to the respective metallization systems provided in the individual integrated-circuit dies. In other cases, one or more of the laterally adjacently positioned integrated circuit dies may be provided with individual communication mechanisms, wherein the die-to-die communication is established by the respective communication pads provided above the respective side surfaces of the one or more integrated circuit dies. Furthermore, additionally a stacked configuration may be provided, wherein one or more laterally adjacently positioned integrated-circuit dies may be provided per each “level” of the stacked configuration, wherein the vertical communication as well as the lateral communication may be established by means of the respective communication mechanisms including the insulating materials and the communication structures incorporated therein. In still other illustrative embodiments, two or more levels in the stacked configuration may, at least partly, communicate on the basis of a direct die-to-die coupling, for instance by bonding particularly stacked dies face to face or back to back or face to back, depending on the overall configuration of the entire electronic system.

It should be appreciated that any difference in height or thickness of individual integrated-circuit dies may readily be adapted by appropriately adjusting the thickness of the insulating material for the individual integrated circuit dies. A difference in lateral size of the individual integrated-circuit dies may be taken into consideration by providing any appropriate fill material directly between laterally positioned integrated-circuit dies, if, for instance, a common insulating material including the communication structure and the communication pad is to be provided. Additionally or alternatively, the fill material may also be provided at the side surfaces of one or more integrated-circuit dies prior to actually forming the insulating material above the top surface or bottom surface and the side surfaces of the integrated-circuit dies.

In a further illustrative embodiment, the electronic system further includes at least one further communication pad formed in the insulating material, wherein at least one of the communication pad and the at least one further communication pad is configured for wireless signal exchange. In this manner of communication, the requirements with respect to establishing a communication between individual integrated circuit dies and/or packages may be reduced, since at least for some of the communication pads a direct contact between different entities in the electronic system is not required. For example, if the second communication pad is provided above a major surface of the integrated-circuit die, vertical communication may be established on the basis of a wireless communication channel. Furthermore, horizontal communication may be established on the basis of a wireless channel, if the communication pad formed above the side surface is also appropriately configured for the wireless communication.

In an illustrative embodiment, at least one of the communication pad and the at least one further communication pad is configured for capacitive or inductive signal exchange. In this manner, well-established communication technologies may be applied, wherein the configuration of the respective pad is appropriately adapted to promote the respective signal-exchange mechanism. For example, for a capacitive coupling, the communication pad and a corresponding counterpart thereof may have an appropriate conductivity and may be provided with a well-defined lateral size and with a distance that allows efficient and reliable capacitive coupling of signals. If required, an appropriate dielectric material may be provided in a corresponding gap between a capacitive communication pad and its counterpart. Similarly, for inductive coupling, the communication pad may include an appropriate magnetic material so as to create or improve the characteristics of the inductive communication channel.

In a further illustrative embodiment, at least one of the communication pad and the at least one further communication pad is configured for optical signal exchange. In this case, the communication pad represents an optically active area for transmitting and/or receiving optical signals, wherein at least a part of the communication structure provided within the insulating material is appropriately configured, for instance, in the form of a waveguide, in order to transfer the optical signal to any optoelectronic device in the integrated-circuit die so as to further process any received optical signals and convert electronic signals into optical signals for communication within the optical communication channel.

In an embodiment, the electronic system further includes a configurable circuit portion coupled to the communication mechanism including the communication pad and the communication structure and configured to enable modification of the communication structure. That is, the configurable circuit portion, which may thus represent a programmable circuit portion, provides for a high degree of flexibility in appropriately adapting the configuration of the communication structure with respect to the required communication demands within the electronic system or at least a part thereof. In some illustrative embodiments, the configurable circuit portion may be configured to enable activation and deactivation of certain communication paths within the communication structure so as to re-configure the communication channels within an individual integrated-circuit die and/or between individual integrated circuit dies and/or between integrated circuit dies and packages of the electronic system.

In other cases, the communication structure may include a certain degree of redundancy with respect to communication channels, wherein the configurable circuit portion may then re-select a redundant communication channel upon detecting a failure in one or more of the previously used communication paths. The programmable circuit portions may include any appropriate circuitry, such as digital circuitry, analog circuitry, RF circuitry, optoelectronic devices, and the like, as may be required for allowing a programmable reconfiguration of the communication structure.

In some illustrative embodiments, the configurable circuit portion is configured to enable modification of the communication between the integrated-circuit die and the second integrated-circuit die. In this case, as discussed above, superior flexibility may be obtained with respect to die-to-die communication.

In further illustrative embodiments, the communication pad is formed in a package side surface so as to enable wired and/or wireless communication with a second package. As already discussed above, in this case superior flexibility and performance of the package-package communication may be achieved by efficiently using one or more of the site surface areas of the packages as a communication path. In this manner, in highly complex electronic systems including a plurality of packages, a three-dimensional communication may also be established within the electronic system on the basis of the communication pads provided at side surfaces of the packages.

In an illustrative embodiment, the communication pad is coupled to the integrated-circuit die by a wire-bond structure. In this manner, well-established contact techniques can be applied in order to establish a reliable communication between the integrated circuit die and the package. That is, a direct contact between the integrated-circuit die and the side surface of a package may be established on the basis of a wired coupling, thereby providing for superior insulation between the integrated-circuit die and the package, while communication pads provided in the side surface of the package are isolated from each other on the basis of the dielectric or insulating material of the package. It should be appreciated, however, that the integrated-circuit die may include additional contact mechanisms, such as solder bumps, metal pillars, and the like, so as to establish direct mechanical and electrical contact to other integrated-circuit dies and/or to other areas of the package, for instance to the bottom surface and top surface of the package, as is well known from conventional package concepts.

In an embodiment, the package includes a flexible substrate including the communication structure. In this case, the flexible substrate provides for a high degree of flexibility in manufacturing the package and contacting the package with the integrated-circuit die. For example, the flexible substrate may include an appropriate contact structure so as to directly couple to the top surface and/or bottom surface of the integrated-circuit die, while the communication structure incorporated in the flexible substrate may then provide the required infra-structure so as to couple to the communication pad formed in the flexible substrate and positioned above a side surface of the integrated-circuit die.

Also in this case the flexible substrate and the communication structure incorporated therein may be configured so as to enable wireless and/or wired communication between the various packages to be implemented into the electronic system. For example, the communication pad may allow RF communication, capacitive coupling, inductive coupling, optical coupling, and the like depending on the overall communication regimes within the electronic system.

In a further embodiment, the electronic system further includes the communication mechanism having a first part formed in the package and a second part extending to the outside of the package and being coupled to the first part, wherein the second part includes at least the communication pad. The communication mechanism is thus appropriately configured so as to communicate with components within the package and to enable communication between different packages of the electronic system. The communication mechanism may be provided in the form of a substrate, for instance formed from a heat-deformable material, a flexible material, and the like, which may be provided within the package with an appropriate contact structure so as to couple to any component within the package, and which extends to the outside of the package so as to be positioned above at least a portion of a side surface of the package. Also in this case superior coupling from package to package may be achieved by efficiently using the communication pad formed in the outer portion of the communication mechanism for establishing a “horizontal” communication within the electronic system. It should be appreciated that any of the above-identified mechanisms for establishing a communication may also be applied, in addition to or alternatively to any of these mechanisms provided in integrated-circuit dies and packages, to the communication mechanism having first and second portions. That is, the communication pad in combination with the communication structure provided in the outer portion of the communication mechanism may allow for wireless and/or wired communication between individual packages of the electronic system.

In a further illustrative embodiment, the electronic system further includes a wireless-communication structure for exchanging at least one of signals and power between the integrated-circuit die and at least one further integrated-circuit die by using a first wireless-communication structure, such as a magnetic TSV structure, formed in the integrated-circuit die, and a second wireless-communication structure, such as a magnetic TSV structure, formed in the at least one further integrated-circuit die. In this manner, the inter-die communication or the inter-die energy transfer may be enhanced, thereby even further improving the system internal communication. For example, by providing appropriate inductive coupling mechanisms within the individual integrated-circuit dies and by appropriately positioning the inductive coupling mechanisms' signals and, in particular, energy, may efficiently be exchanged, thereby significantly reducing requirements with respect to power-line routing and the like. In this manner an increased degree of freedom in selecting an appropriate configuration of a plurality of integrated-circuit dies within the electronic system may be achieved, since at least some power-line couplings may be omitted. In combination with the additional degree of coupling gained by means of using any side surface areas of integrated-circuit dies and/or packages, extremely complex electronic systems may be designed without unduly increasing the overall size, since the volumetric packing density may be significantly enhanced compared to conventional electronic systems.

In an illustrative embodiment, the communication pad and the communication structure are formed as a continuous material. That is, the insulating material may act as a carrier material for receiving appropriate particles, and the like, in order to adjust the overall material characteristics so as to enable “communication” between a communication “terminal” formed in an integrated-circuit die and/or a package and a further communication “terminal” formed in a further integrated-circuit die or package, for instance by conveying signal nodes on the basis of inductive coupling, capacitive coupling, and optical coupling, without requiring specifically defined communication channels in the appropriately prepared insulating or carrier material. Thus, the insulating carrier material itself, or at least a significant portion thereof, may act as the communication structure and the communication pad thereby providing communication capabilities across a significant portion of the entire surface of a component within the electronic system. In order to allow communication with different components in the electronic system, the communication may be controlled so as to individually address different communication systems within the electronic system, although the communication channel may concurrently couple to a plurality of communication systems. An appropriate addressing mechanism may readily be implemented on the basis of well-known techniques.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1a schematically illustrates a top view of a semiconductor wafer and integrated-circuits formed thereon as an array separated by scribe lines, which may include test structures.

FIGS. 1b and 1c schematically illustrate cross-sectional views of conventional electronic systems including a plurality of packaged integrated-circuit dies in combination with stacked PCBs.

FIG. 1d schematically illustrates a three-dimensional configuration, i.e., a stacked configuration, of a plurality of integrated-circuit dies formed on the basis of appropriate through-hole vias.

FIG. 2a schematically illustrates a top view of an electronic system including a plurality of integrated-circuit dies and corresponding packages, wherein coupling is established within the electronic system along major surfaces and side surfaces of the individual components, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2b schematically illustrates the electronic system in a perspective view, thereby more clearly indicating the three-dimensional nature of the communication within the overall electronic system, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 3-1 to 3-4 schematically illustrate cross-sectional views of an electronic system, in which lateral or horizontal communication is established on the basis of an insulating material including a communication structure and at least one communication pad formed above a side surface of an integrated-circuit die, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 3-5 to 3-9 schematically illustrate cross-sectional views of components during various manufacturing stages of the fabrication of an insulating material including a communication structure and a communication pad, according to an embodiment,

FIG. 3-10 schematically illustrates a top view of an integrated-circuit die having formed thereon an insulating material including a communication structure and communication pads for communication via a top surface and side surfaces, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 3-11 to 3-17 schematically illustrate cross-sectional views during various stages in fabricating an insulating material with a communication structure and communication pads, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 3-18 to 3-21 schematically illustrate cross-sectional views of various configurations of an electronic system, wherein a plurality of integrated-circuit dies are provided with lateral or horizontal communication capabilities on the basis of an insulating material including a communication structure and one or more communication pads, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 3-22 to 3-23 schematically illustrate cross-sectional views of an electronic system, in which a plurality of packaged integrated-circuit dies couple to PCBs, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 3-24 to 3-28 schematically illustrate cross-sectional views of electronic systems, in which communication may be established, at least partially, on the basis of wireless communication channels, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 3-29 to 3-31 schematically illustrate top views of integrated-circuit dies including a configurable/programmable circuit in order to enhance overall communication capabilities within an electronic system, for instance by re-configuring one or more communication paths, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 3-32 to 3-33 schematically illustrate cross-sectional views of an electronic system, in which wireless communication channels are used in combination with incorporation of “external” electronic components, such as capacitors, inductors, and the like, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 4a to 4c schematically illustrate cross-sectional views of an electronic system, in which superior coupling is achieved by providing one or more communication pads, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4d schematically illustrates contact structures for horizontally coupling different packages on the basis of communication pads or contacts provided in the side surface of packages, according to an embodiment,

FIGS. 4e to 4g schematically illustrate cross-sectional views of electronic systems, in which one or more communication pads are formed in the side surface of the package so as to provide for wireless-communication capabilities, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5a schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view of a package of an electronic system including a flexible substrate including a communication structure and a communication pad, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 5b and 5c schematically illustrate top views of a flexible substrate, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 5d to 5f schematically illustrate cross-sectional views of electronic systems formed on the basis of a flexible substrate, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 6a to 6l schematically illustrate cross-sectional views of electronic systems formed on the basis of an interface portion provided within and outside of a package in order to increase coupling in the horizontal direction, according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 7a and 7b schematically illustrate cross-sectional views of an electronic system, in which the communication structure and the communication pad are provided in the form of a continuous material having appropriate characteristics for conveying signals, according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As discussed above, an embodiment increases conductivity within an electronic system by designing integrated-circuit (IC) dies and/or packages such that coupling is established both in the vertical and in the horizontal directions.

It should be appreciated that terms such as “horizontal”, “lateral”, “vertical”, “top, bottom, side”, and the like are to be understood as relative terms and not in an absolute sense. Hence, these terms are to be understood with reference to any appropriate reference system, for instance the semiconductor substrate material of a semiconductor wafer or an individual semiconductor die may define a “two-dimensional” plane used as a reference plane, above which circuit elements, metallization structures, and the like may be formed. In this sense, the resulting surface may be indicated as a top surface, while an oppositely arranged surface may be considered as a back side having a bottom surface. Similarly, the integrated circuit die may have side surfaces, which may be formed upon separating or singulating a semiconductor wafer. Similar considerations may also apply for a package, which may include a top surface and then patterned surface and corresponding side surfaces coupling the bottom surface with the top surface. Typically, the area of the top and bottom surfaces is greater than the area of a single side surface.

Similarly, the term “above, below, on” and similar terms may be understood as position information in relation to a reference, without indicating an absolute position or direction. In particular, an object positioned “above” a specified surface is to be understood as being positioned with orthogonal distance with respect to the specified surface. For example, a communication pad positioned “above” a side surface has at least one point that defines a minimal orthogonal distance between said side surface and said communication pad.

FIG. 2a schematically illustrates an electronic system 200, which may be understood as any appropriate generic electronic system, including a plurality of integrated circuit dies, generally indicated as 202, such as 202 a, 202 b, 202 c, 202 d, which may be appropriately packaged, according to an embodiment. For example, each of the integrated circuit dies 202 may be enclosed by a corresponding package, collectively indicated as 210, so that packages 210 a, 210 b, 210 c, 210 d may be provided. It should be understood, however, that a package may include two or more individual integrated circuit dies, depending on the overall requirements for combining the various components into the electronic system 200. According to an embodiment, “horizontal” communication, indicated as H, is established within the system 200, while also “vertical” communication is implemented, indicated by V. Thus, contrary to conventional approaches, the side surfaces of packages may be used for establishing the horizontal communication H, however, without introducing increased yield loss and reduced reliability. The communication may be implemented on the basis of wired couplings and/or wireless communication channels by providing communication mechanisms having appropriate communication endpoints and respective communication structures, which appropriately couple each endpoint with a corresponding communication channel within an integrated circuit die or a package. In the following, corresponding endpoints may also be referred to as communication pads having any appropriate lateral dimension and configuration so as to allow communication in the horizontal and/or vertical direction with other components, such as other integrated circuit dies, packages, or PCBs.

FIG. 2b schematically illustrates the electronic system 200 in a perspective view, wherein the horizontal and vertical communication paths are established by corresponding configuration of the individual components, such as integrated circuit dies 202 and packages 210, thereby forming highly complex electronic systems having a high volumetric packing density, according to an embodiment. As discussed above, in order to enable in the horizontal communication H a communication mechanism, at least one communication pad (not shown) may be provided in at least some of the side surfaces of the components 202 or 210, wherein the communication pads and the associated communication structure are provided such that electrical and mechanical integrity of the components 202 and 210 is reliably preserved. For example, the communication pads in combination with the communication structure are provided in such a manner that a reliable electrical insulation at least with respect to the substrate of the integrated circuit die is not deteriorated.

With reference to FIGS. 3-1 to 3-33 further embodiments will now be described, in which an integrated circuit die receives horizontal communication capabilities on the basis of a communication mechanism including a communication pad and a communication structure embedded in an insulating material layer or layer system, which may be applied to an integrated circuit disposed in a wafer or after separating (singulating) the wafer to form individual integrated circuit dies, wherein coupling to the internal integrated circuit components is established by the communication structure, which in turn couples to at least some communication pads provided in a manner within the insulating material so that these communication pads may finally be positioned above one or more side surfaces of the integrated circuit die.

FIG. 3-1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment, in which an integrated circuit die 302 a of an electronic system 300 is considered, which is able to couple to other integrated circuit dies and packages via all its surfaces. In the embodiment shown, the electronic system 300 may include the integrated circuit die 302 a comprising a semiconductor substrate 308 defining a bottom surface B, while a top surface T of the integrated circuit die 302 a is defined by the top surface of the metallization system 302 m mounted to the top surface of the semiconductor substrate 308, which may establish the electrical and/or optical couplings to components (not shown) of the integrated circuit die 302 a formed in and above the semiconductor substrate 308 in any appropriate configuration. The integrated circuit die 302 a is formed by the singulation of a fabricated wafer including a plurality of integrated circuits as discussed above in connection with FIG. 1a . Moreover, a communication mechanism 350 is provided in combination with the integrated circuit die 302 a, which is appropriately adapted to implement horizontal communication so as to couple to other integrated circuit dies or packages (not shown) of the system 300. To this end, the communication mechanism 350 includes a dielectric material 354, which is embedded in a communication structure 351 and a plurality of communication pads 352 s, 352 t. Consequently, the communication mechanism 350 includes at least one communication pad 352 s that is positioned in contact with a side surface S of the integrated circuit die 302 a itself (in particular, the side surface S is the side formed by the wafer singulation (dicing) process and comprise a side of the semiconductor substrate 308 and a side of the metallization system 302 m).

In the embodiment shown, the integrated circuit die 302 a may be sandwiched between two support substrates, one of which is a lower support substrate or bottom substrate 311 b and the other one is an upper support substrate or top substrate 311 t. The support substrates 311 t and 311 b may represent parts of a package 310 of the system 300. Thus, a vertical communication in the system 300 based on the integrated circuit die 302 a may be established by the communication mechanism 350, i.e., the communication pads 352 t and the communication structure 351, which may appropriately couple to any contact areas of the metallization system 302 m, for instance provided in the form of contact pads 302 p. Furthermore, the vertical communication from the integrated circuit die 302 a to the bottom support substrate 311 b may be established by an appropriate contact structure, for instance provided in the form of through silicon vias (TSV) 306 v insulated from the semiconductor substrate 308. Furthermore, the vertical communication may be conveyed by a contact structure 312 b provided at the bottom substrate 311 b and a contact structure 312 t provided on the top substrate 311 t. On the other hand, horizontal communication, as for instance generally described with reference to FIGS. 2a and 2b , may be established by the mechanism 350 on the basis of the contact structure 351 that couples one or more of the communication pads 352 s with device internal integrated circuit components of the integrated circuit die 302 a by the pads 302 p and the metallization system 302 m. Hence, in the embodiment shown, the coupling to other ICs and packages is accomplished by means of bumps 353 s formed on the communication pads 352 s and by respective bumps formed in the contact structures 312 p, 312 t. In this respect, bumps should be considered as protruding contact elements formed of any appropriate material, such as highly conductive materials in combination with the solder material, and the like.

In particular, at the side surfaces S, intercouplings are present which are arranged along one or more rows. The conducting paths start from the pad 302 p of the integrated circuit die 302 a and extend to the side surface S of the integrated circuit die 302 a for the horizontal communication. Thus, the horizontal communication paths and in particular the communication pads 352 s are electrically insulated from sides of the semiconductor substrate 308 and the metallization system 302 m by the insulating material 354 so as to avoid leakages and short circuits with the semiconductor substrate or portions of circuits to be arranged laterally adjacent to the integrated circuit die 302 a, such as test structures exposed due to the dicing of the wafer, as discussed above.

FIG. 3-2 schematically illustrates a modification, in which the top support substrate may be omitted, according to an embodiment. Thus, appropriate contact elements, such as bumps 312 t, may be arranged on the pads 352 t so as to allow vertical coupling to other components, such as packages, integrated circuit dies, and the like.

FIG. 3-3 schematically illustrates the system 300, in which contact elements of different configuration may be provided in combination with the communication mechanism 350, according to an embodiment. In the embodiment shown, instead of the bumps, a layer of soldering material 354 s and 354 t, respectively, may be provided on the various pads of the communication mechanism 350.

FIG. 3-4 schematically depicts the system 300, in which a plurality of integrated circuit dies may be combined into a single package (not shown) so as to allow a complex yet highly volume-efficient configuration of the system 300, according to an embodiment. In the embodiment shown, the various integrated circuit dies may be arranged with respect to each other in a stacked configuration and coupled with each other by means of through-hole vias, also referred to as TSV (through silicon via or through substrate via). To this end, any appropriate technology may be applied in order to form the vertical intercouplings in the integrated circuit dies so as to allow a direct coupling, as for instance shown for the first integrated circuit die 302 a and a second integrated circuit die 302 b, which are thus coupled back to back. The vertical intercouplings, i.e., the TSVs, may be provided at any appropriate manufacturing stage, for instance forming a TSV 306 v in a final manufacturing stage so as to extend through the metallization system and the semiconductor substrate of a respective integrated circuit die, while the TSV 306 u may be formed at an intermediate manufacturing stage, i.e., during the fabrication of the multilevel metallization system, whereas the TSV 306 w may be formed prior to fabricating the metallization system of a respective integrated circuit die. In other cases, the TSV 306 x may be formed from the back side of the corresponding integrated circuit die, thereby providing increased flexibility in appropriately adapting the contact structures of the various integrated circuit dies so as to allow a direct coupling, as for instance shown in FIG. 3-4. Consequently, in this configuration, vertical communication may be established by a communication mechanism 350 b associated with the integrated circuit die 302 b and the communication mechanism 350 a associated with the integrated circuit die 302 a, as is also described above. If required, one or more support substrates may couple to one or both of the communication mechanisms, as for example also discussed above with reference to the integrated circuit die 302 a. On the other hand, the horizontal communication is established by the corresponding laterally positioned communication pads 352 s.

In the following, some generic fabrication techniques will be described in order to form the communication mechanism as discussed above, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3-5 schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view of a wafer 301 including a plurality of integrated circuits 302 a, 302 b, 302 c, as is for instance also discussed above with reference to FIG. 1a , according to an embodiment. Hence, the various integrated circuits provided in the form of the wafer 301 may have formed thereon any appropriate circuitry and intercoupling mechanism as is required for configuring a complex three-dimensional electronic system. In particular, the respective electrical and/or optical and/or wireless intercoupling infra-structure of the individual integrated circuits may be appropriately adapted so as to receive an additional communication mechanism, which enables the implementation of horizontal and vertical communication with other components of a complex electronic system, as discussed above.

FIG. 3-6 schematically illustrates the substrate 301 in a further advanced manufacturing stage, according to an embodiment. By means of a further process or post processing, for example, further conducting layers (not shown) intercoupled by vias (not shown) may be provided on the wafer 301 by any appropriate manufacturing techniques. These conductive regions are buried in an insulating, flexible material, such as for example a polymer. In other approaches, the insulating material may be provided first and may subsequently be patterned so as to receive trenches and openings, which may subsequently be filled with any appropriate conductive material, such as metal, and the like. After providing any conductive regions so as to establish the communication structure and the communication pads within the insulating material of the communication mechanism 350 a, a patterning process may be applied so as to form respective gaps 355 in the mechanism 350, thereby defining an appropriate lateral size for individual communication mechanisms. As shown, the resulting gaps 355 are positioned above scribe lines 304, which separate the individual integrated circuides, as discussed above. The patterning process for forming the gaps 355 may be performed on the basis of any well-established lithography and etching techniques.

FIG. 3-7 schematically illustrates the wafer 301 having formed thereon the patterned communication mechanism 350, which is brought into contact with an appropriate support substrate 360, according to an embodiment. Consequently, the wafer with the integrated circuits and the corresponding scribe lines are exposed for further processing, i.e., for separating (sigulating or dicing) the wafer 301 into individual integrated circuit dies.

FIG. 3-8 schematically illustrates the wafer 301 when subjected to a process for separating the wafer 301 into individual integrated circuit dies, according to an embodiment. To this end, an appropriate mechanism 361, such as a saw or a laser or chemical-etch process, may be applied so as to remove the material of the scribe lines 304, wherein the mechanism 361 is controlled such that undue damage of any materials in the communication mechanism 350 is avoided.

FIG. 3-9 schematically illustrates the wafer 301 after removing the scribe lines while preserving the patterned communication mechanism 350, thereby enabling a subsequent separation into individual components, according to an embodiment. For example, as shown in this figure, the integrated circuit die 302 a may be obtained so as to include the mechanism 350 a including an appropriate communication structure (not shown) and the required communication pads 352 t, 352 s. In this manufacturing stage, therefore, the integrated circuit die 302 a includes lateral appendices, which represent a portion of the communication mechanism 350 a to be formed above the respective side surfaces of the integrated circuit die 302 a in order to impart horizontal communication capabilities to the integrated circuit die 302 a.

FIG. 3-10 schematically illustrates a top view of the individual component including the integrated circuit die 302 a in this manufacturing stage, according to an embodiment. That is, the communication mechanism 350 includes a plurality of the communication pads 352 t for providing the vertical-communication capabilities, while the communication pads 352 s, which are still positioned in the same plane as the pads 352 t, are formed in the insulating material at positions beyond the lateral dimensions of the integrated circuit die 302 a. It should be appreciated that for convenience, the communication structure that is appropriately configured to couple to the various communication pads and to the metallization system of the integrated circuit die 302 a is not shown.

FIG. 3-11 schematically illustrates the integrated circuit die 302 a as a part of an electronic system 300, wherein the mechanism 350 a may be further processed so as to actually impart the horizontal-communication capabilities, according to an embodiment. To this end, known techniques may be used so as to appropriately fold the flexible material, thus defining the final shape of the communication mechanism 350 a.

For example, one such technique may be implemented by heat forming 363, in which the lateral appendices are folded by means of a mechanical apparatus 364 with an appropriate shape. The process 363 is carried out at a temperature that results in a plastic deformation of the flexible material, which is later allowed to cool. According to this strategy, for example, materials based on polyester or polyimide may be used. Alternatively, materials with low elasticity may be used which can then be easily and permanently deformed, such as for example PTFE or FEP.

FIG. 3-12 schematically illustrates the wafer 301 having formed thereon the insulating material 354 of the mechanism 350, wherein the patterning of the material 354 is applied after separating (singulating or dicing) the integrated circuits of the wafer by removing the material in the scribe lines 304, according to an embodiment. In this case, the insulating material 354 may be provided in the form of an elastic material, which may be cut after the separation of the individual integrated circuit dies, thereby acting as a support member during the separation process.

FIG. 3-13 schematically illustrates the wafer 301 according to further illustrative embodiments, in which the wafer is cut in a traditional way, without the layer of insulating material of the communication mechanism. The various integrated circuit dies 302 a, . . . , 302 c may then be arranged in a known way on a support (not shown), thereby defining a desired lateral distance D between the laterally adjacent integrated circuit dies. For example, the final distance D may be greater compared to the width of the scribe lines 304, thereby providing for superior process conditions during the subsequent processing in forming and patterning the communication mechanism. Thereafter, a molding material 365 may be applied so as to fill the space between the various integrated circuit dies and provide appropriate surface conditions for forming the conductive regions and the insulating material 354 of the communication mechanism 350. Thereafter, the conductive and insulating materials of the communication mechanism 350 may be applied on the basis of any appropriate deposition and patterning technique, followed by the patterning of the mechanism 350, wherein the molding material 365 may provide superior process conditions so as to preserve integrity of the integrated circuit dies, while also providing the possibility of adjusting a desired lateral size of the patterned mechanism 350. Furthermore, by means of the molding material 365 also a desired lateral size of the individual integrated circuit dies 302 a, . . . , 302 c may be adjusted, when the molding material 365 is not completely removed but is patterned when forming the individual integrated circuit dies having formed thereon the corresponding communication mechanisms with appropriate appendices, as is described above. Thereafter, the final configuration may be obtained by any appropriate processing, such as heat forming, as discussed above.

FIG. 3-14 schematically illustrates a further modification, in which the integrated circuit dies 302 a, . . . , 302 c, after being singulated out from the wafer, may then be coupled to a communication mechanism including an insulating material and a communication structure and communication pads, wherein the coupling may be accomplished on the basis of any appropriate contact structure (not shown) provided in the form of bumps, and the like, according to an embodiment. In other illustrative embodiments, as shown in the figure, the communication mechanism may be provided in the form of individual mechanisms 350 a, . . . , 350 c including the infrastructure so as to impart the desired vertical and horizontal communication capabilities to the respective ICs received thereon, as is already discussed above. Thereafter, the components may be removed from the support 360 and the communication mechanisms 350 a, . . . , 350 c may be brought into the final shape by any of the above-discussed process techniques.

FIG. 3-15 schematically illustrates the combination of the integrated circuit die 302 a and the associated communication mechanism 350 a on the basis of the above-described technique, wherein, however, the mechanism 350 a may be provided in its final configuration prior to actually coupling the integrated circuit die 302 a, according to an embodiment. To this end, any appropriate technique may be used for pre-forming the mechanism 350 a in the bent shape for attachment to the integrated circuit die 302 a.

FIG. 3-16 illustrates the formation of the mechanism 350 a on the integrated circuit die 302 a according to a further variation, according to an embodiment. In this case, after the traditional wafer processing for providing the individual integrated circuit dies, the various material layers of the mechanism 350 a may be formed by means of a post-processing, such as, for example, aerosol jet printing. In this manner, the conductive regions and the insulating material may be grown on the integrated circuit die 302 a, wherein the insulating material may not necessarily be provided in the form of a flexible material. As already discussed above, in some illustrative embodiments in any of the above-discussed techniques a molding material may be provided so as to allow the various integrated circuit dies in the electronic system to have appropriate dimensions for forming a desired configuration of integrated circuit dies and packages in the electronic system. For example, the molding material may be used to impart similar lateral dimensions to the various integrated circuit dies, irrespective of the initial dimensions of these components. In this manner, integrated-circuit dies of initially different lateral dimensions may efficiently be combined as a stacked configuration while still providing for desired vertical and horizontal coupling.

FIG. 3-17 schematically illustrates the integrated circuit die 302 a as a part of the electronic system 300, which is still positioned on a support member 360 in order to form the mechanism 350 a according to any appropriate technique, as discussed above, according to an embodiment. Furthermore, prior to or after forming the mechanism 350 a, the molding material 365 may be provided adjacent to at least some side surfaces of the integrated circuit die 302 a in order to obtain desired lateral dimensions of the combined component 350 a, 302 a for being integrated into the system 300. The molding material 365 may be formed on the basis of well-established deposition and patterning techniques. For example, the mechanism 350 a may be provided in its final configuration prior to insulating the integrated circuit die 302 a and may then be filled with the molding material 365. However, any other approach may be applied in order to form the molding material 365 with desired dimensions. It should be appreciated, however, that the mechanism 350 a is to be formed so as to take into consideration the final lateral dimensions of the combined component 350 a, 302 a.

FIG. 3-18 schematically illustrates an example of a composite configuration in the system 300, wherein the integrated circuit die 302 a and the associated communication mechanism 350 a have been modified on the basis of the molding material 365 so as to have lateral dimensions that match with the lateral dimensions of a combined component including the integrated circuit die 302 b and the associated communication mechanism 350 b, according to an embodiment. Hence, a stacked configuration may be provided, although the integrated circuits 302 a, 302 b have initially different lateral dimensions. Furthermore, vertical and horizontal communication capabilities are obtained by means of the communication mechanisms 350 a, 350 b. It should be appreciated, however, that any other configurations may be realized, as will also be discussed below.

FIG. 3-19 schematically illustrates an embodiment, in which a common communication mechanism 350 may be provided for two or more laterally adjacently positioned integrated circuit dies. In the embodiment shown, the electronic system 300 includes the integrated circuit die 302 a positioned laterally adjacent to the integrated circuit die 302 b, wherein desired lateral dimensions of a combination of these integrated circuit dies may be adjusted on the basis of a molding material 365, as is, for instance, also discussed above. Moreover, by providing the molding material 365, a reliable mechanical coupling between the laterally adjacent integrated circuit dies may be accomplished. Furthermore, the system 300 may include a further integrated circuit die 302 c, which is particularly coupled to the integrated circuit dies 302 a, 302 b. In this example, the vertical communication from the integrated circuit die 302 c to one or both of the integrated circuit dies 302 a, 302 b may be established on the basis of a dedicated communication mechanism 350 c, while in other cases, any other coupling strategy may be used, if, for instance, a lateral or horizontal communication capability is not required for the integrated circuit die 302 c. Moreover, a common communication mechanism 350 is provided for the integrated circuit dies 302 a, 302 b, wherein the communication structure (not shown) is appropriately adapted to the die internal contact mechanisms, such as a metallization system, in order to transfer any signals and/or power from each of the integrated circuit dies 302 a, 302 b into the common communication mechanism 350, which thus endows the integrated circuit dies 302 a, 302 b with horizontal and vertical communication capabilities.

FIG. 3-20 illustrates a further variant, in which each of the integrated circuit dies 302 a, 302 b has formed thereon a dedicated communication mechanism 350 a and 350 b, respectively, according to an embodiment. In this case, horizontal communication between the integrated circuit dies 302 a, 302 b may be established on the basis of corresponding communication pads 352 s facing each other.

FIG. 3-21 schematically illustrates a further variant of the electronic system 300, wherein a complex configuration of a plurality of integrated circuit dies, such as the integrated circuit dies 302 a, 302 b, 302 c, may be combined to form a stacked configuration by any appropriate contact mechanism without requiring a communication mechanism as discussed above, according to an embodiment. To this end, the integrated circuit dies may be coupled by direct mechanical and electrical contact and/or by wireless communication channels, and the like, wherein, however, a mechanically fixed configuration is ensured. Thus, vertical communication between the integrated circuit die 302 c and the integrated circuit dies 302 a, 302 b is established without a communication mechanism, while the vertical and horizontal communication is imparted to the combination of the integrated circuit dies 302 a, . . . , 302 c by providing a common communication mechanism 350, which thus is formed above the top surface of the resulting stack and extends at least a significant portion along the side surfaces.

FIG. 3-22 schematically illustrates a complex electronic system 300, in which a plurality of packages 310 a, . . . , 310 d are combined on the basis of respective communication mechanisms 350 a, . . . , 350 d so as to provide vertical and horizontal communication within the system 300, according to an embodiment. Furthermore, the system 300 may include a plurality of PCBs, such as a PCB 330 a, as a bottom PCB, and a PCB 330 b as a top PCB. Due to the three-dimensional communication capabilities within the electronic system 300, wherein, in particular, horizontal communication capabilities are provided by the corresponding communication mechanisms 350 a, . . . , 350 d, superior coupling may be established in the system 300 while at the same time reducing the dimensions of the total system. For example, the routing at the PCB level, as indicated by 331 a, 331 b, is reduced, thereby also allowing a reduction in the horizontal area in the corresponding PCBs as well as a reduction in the overall complexity in terms of the number of layers in the PCBs. Furthermore, compared to vertical couplings of different PCBs, for instance as discussed above with reference to FIGS. 1b and 1c in the form of the couplings 132, which are typically provided in the form of wireless or conductive couplers, also a significant reduction in complexity may be achieved due to the vertical and horizontal communication capabilities of the system 300.

FIG. 3-23 schematically illustrates a variant of the system 300, in which one or more PCBs, for instance the PCB 330 b, may be separated from the remaining components of the system 300 by providing a coupling interface or socket 335, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3-24 schematically illustrates the system 300, in which one or more of the communication mechanisms may include an antenna for providing a wireless communication channel, according to an embodiment. For example, the communication mechanism 350 a may include one or more of the communication pads 352 s in an appropriate configuration so as to act as endpoint or antenna of the circuit 370, which may be appropriately configured to receive and transmit signals by the communication structure 351 so as to allow wireless communication with other components by means of the antenna 352 s. The type of antenna is not limited to any specific type so that many types of antennas may be provided, such as antennas of the inductive type or of the capacitive type or still others. For example, pads 352 s may be used as an antenna of the capacity type and, therefore, the corresponding pad may be considered as one of the plates of a capacitor. Hence, this capacitor electrode may be linked to the circuit 370, acting as a transceiver/transponder.

FIG. 3-25 illustrates an example of the electronic system 300, in which a plurality of integrated circuit dies 302 and/or packages 310 include respective communication mechanisms 350 a, . . . , 350 h, wherein corresponding communication pads 352 s are positioned close to each other so as to enable a capacitive coupling, according to an embodiment. Therefore, the various integrated circuit dies and packages exchange information by means of their respective capacitive interfaces created by the various pads 352 s. In some illustrative embodiments, the wireless exchange of information may also be established in the vertical direction between at least some of the integrated circuit dies 302 and/or packages 310 by appropriately coupling the respective communication pads 352 t.

In this manner, coupling of an electromagnetic type is provided, since the various integrated circuit dies and packages exchange information through electromagnetic waves, or through an electric field or magnetic field only.

FIG. 3-26 schematically illustrates the electronic system 300, in which at least a part or the entire communication is established on the basis of electromagnetic interaction/communication, as indicated by H and V, according to an embodiment. On the other hand, the various integrated circuit dies and packages may be supplied with energy in a conventional manner, for instance by using wired couplings in the form of TSV, and the like. It should be appreciated that the wireless communication may also be established on the basis of antennas of the inductive type or antennas enabling receipt and transmission of electromagnetic radiation, thereby providing for a high degree of flexibility in implementing appropriate circuitry and other infra-structure into the integrated circuit dies and packages in order to establish the wireless communication channels. In other cases, the wireless communication may be established on the basis of optical signals, wherein the corresponding communication pads may be optically active windows for receiving and emitting optical signals, wherein appropriate optical components may be provided in the communication structure so as to enable deflection and guidance of light signals.

FIG. 3-27 schematically illustrates the electronic system 300 according to other illustrative embodiments, in which a mixed configuration is implemented. In this case, some of the integrated circuit dies or packages are coupled by direct electric contact, in which the integrated circuit dies are coupled with respective contact elements 353 t, as is, for instance, shown for the vertical communication between the communication mechanisms 350 b, 350 c on the one hand and for the communication mechanisms 350 g and 350 f on the other hand.

FIG. 3-28 illustrates the system 300, which may represent a highly complex electronic system in which vertical and horizontal communication may be established by means of wireless communication channels in combination with wired channels, for instance indicated by 353 t, thereby also allowing highly complex systems at reduced size, similarly as is explained for the system 300 discussed in FIG. 3-26, wherein the vertical and horizontal communication may substantially totally be established on the basis of wireless communication channels, according to an embodiment. Thus, systems with extremely high coupling may be obtained, thus greatly reducing the length of the links or couplings between the various integrated circuit dies and packages and, therefore, enabling an increase in the frequency of transmission of the signals. Furthermore, due to high coupling, more degrees of freedom in the design of the systems may be achieved.

With reference to FIGS. 3-29 to 3-31, further illustrative embodiments will be described, in which the superior coupling may even further be enhanced by taking advantage of the vertical and horizontal communication capabilities by means of configurable or programmable circuits so as to create a flexible infra-structure belonging to at least a portion of a complex electronic system.

FIG. 3-29 schematically illustrates the electronic system 300, in which some integrated circuit dies or packages 302 a, . . . , 302 d are coupled by wired communication channels 357, which may be established on the basis of, for instance, the communication mechanisms described above, according to an embodiment.

Furthermore, some of the integrated circuit dies, such as integrated circuit dies 302 f, 302 e, 302 b and 302 c may be coupled by wireless communication channels 356, which may be implemented by providing respective transceiver circuits 370 and by configuring the corresponding communication pads 352 s in the form of antennas, optical windows, and the like, as discussed above, according to an embodiment.

Moreover, various integrated circuit dies and packages have at least a part of their communication capabilities, i.e., cabled and/or wireless links, provided in the form of a configurable arrangement, thus allowing one to define and redefine the routing of the links among the various parts of the system, depending on the needs and the configuration of various parts forming the system 300, according to an embodiment. To this end, respective configurable/programmable circuit portions 380 may be provided in combination with the actual integrated circuit dies in order to provide digital circuitry, analog circuitry, and the like, for establishing, activating, and deactivating at least some of the wired communication channels 357 and/or of the wireless communication channels 356. That is, these programmable/configurable circuits 380 may be arranged around the various circuits of the integrated circuit dies and packages and may be programmed, for example, by means of digital signals. The configurable circuits 380 may also include analog circuits, such as electronic switches, so as to be able to process and handle analog and RF signals. In this manner, the final configuration of the communication capabilities of the system 300 may be adjusted in a very-late manufacturing stage, for instance, upon assembling the system 300, or may even be adjusted or altered upon completing the heart-gap configuration of the system 300, thereby providing for superior flexibility in assembling the system 300, testing the system 300, and operating the same. For example, even during operation of the system 300, the communication capabilities may be adjusted with respect to the requirements imposed by a corresponding application, in which the electronic system 300 is used. Hence, for a given hardware configuration of the system 300, the communication capabilities may be adjusted in a dynamic manner.

In still other embodiments, the configurable circuits 380 in combination with the communication channels 357, 356 or at least a portion thereof, may provide for a certain degree of redundancy with respect to the vertical and horizontal communication capabilities, thereby enabling a re-configuration of the system internal communication upon detecting a failure in one or more of the previously established communication channels.

FIG. 3-30 schematically illustrates the electronic system 300, in which one of the wired communication channels 357, indicated by 357 f, may have been identified as a non-functioning channel during a corresponding test phase, which may be conducted after assembling the system 300 or during operation of the system 300, according to an embodiment. Consequently, due to the configurable nature of the communication channels, or at least a portion of, and due to a certain degree of redundancy due to the addition of communication resources to the system, the system can be repaired, so that the communication between the integrated circuit dies 302 b, 302 c may still be operated in a fully functional manner and re-established, thereby extending the system's lifetime and improving the system's reliability.

FIG. 3-31 schematically illustrates an integrated circuit die 302 according to embodiments, in which also the various parts of the integrated circuit die 302 may be intercoupled with each other by means of cabled or wireless couplings, which are configurable or programmable so as to have further degrees of freedom when designing and implementing the final system, thus allowing the user to address each single circuit portion of each integrated circuit which make up the final system. For example the various portions of the integrated circuit die 302, such as portions 302-1, . . . , 302-6 in the form of a memory, digital circuitry, analog circuitry, RF circuitry, mixed-signal circuitry, and other components, such as microelectromechanical components, optoelectronic components, and the like, may be intercoupled by configurable communication channels. To this end, the integrated circuit die 302 may include the configurable circuit portion 380, which may include an appropriate interface 381 in order to allow external access to the die internal communication structure and/or to enable die internal re-configuration of the communication channels, for instance on the basis of a part of the integrated circuit die 302. It is appreciated that the interface circuit 381 may be accessed, for example, by digital signals or by analog signals, depending on the overall application.

Since the various circuits may also include analog circuits, RF circuits, mixed signal circuits, and the like, they may use passive components 392 external to the package, for example a capacitor, as shown in the FIG. 3-31, according to an embodiment. Due to the high coupling of the system 300, such passive components 392 may be arranged in the most convenient way, for example, by distributing them on the various PCBs (not shown) to which the various integrated circuit dies and packages are coupled.

FIG. 3-32 schematically illustrates the system 300 according to further illustrative embodiments, in which, due to the wireless communication capabilities, the passive components 392 may be also arranged between the various integrated circuit dies and packages of the system 300 without reducing its coupling, thereby reducing the complexity of any PCBs.

FIG. 3-33 schematically illustrates a variant of the previous embodiment, in which a substrate of flexible material 395 may be provided so as to include antennas and transmission lines in order to enable wireless communication among the various integrated circuit dies, while still enabling the incorporation of the “external” circuit component 392, according to an embodiment.

With reference to FIGS. 4a to 4g , further illustrative embodiments will now be described, in which the communication mechanism may be implemented on side surface areas of a package, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4a schematically illustrates an electronic system 400 including a plurality of integrated circuit dides 402 a, . . . , 402 c provided in a stacked configuration, thereby establishing the vertical communication between the individual integrated circuit dies of the electronic system 400, according to an embodiment. For example, interposers 420 a, 420 b may be provided so as to increase the distance between the individual integrated circuit dies and provide for communication channels in the vertical direction. Furthermore, a package 410 may be provided so as to accommodate the integrated circuit dies and couple to respective PCBs 430 a, 430 b. Furthermore, a communication mechanism 450 is provided, which may implement horizontal communication capabilities for the package 410 by providing corresponding communication pads 452 s, for instance in the form of appropriate contact elements such as leads, and the like. Consequently, the communication pads 452 s may be formed in a dielectric material 414 of the package, thereby electrically insulating the pads from each other. Moreover, the communication pads 452 s may be formed above respective side surfaces of at least some of the integrated circuit dies of the system 400. Moreover, the pads 452 s may be coupled to respective integrated circuit dies by means of the wire bond structure 406, while on the other hand a coupling to the interposers 420 a, 420 b, respectively may be established by direct contact using any appropriate contact technique. In order to enhance overall contact reliability, the surface of the pads or leads 452 s may be coated with any appropriate material, such as solder material, and the like.

FIG. 4b schematically illustrates the electronic system 400 according to some illustrative embodiments during various stages of assembly, wherein packages 410 a and 410 b are initially coupled to an external mechanical contact structure 496, for instance similar to a lead frame, which has one or more levels of leads or terminals to which the various pads are coupled through wire bonding as shown in the upper portion of FIG. 4 b.

The lower portion of FIG. 4b illustrates the device 400 after providing an additional level in the packages, which may not require a coupling to the side surface of the packages. After a molding process, the mechanical structure 496 external to the packages is removed, for example by means of sawing, thus leaving the leads or pads only, which are here made of a conducting material, for example a metal.

FIG. 4c illustrates the system 400 according to illustrative embodiments, in which various integrated circuit dies and packages may be coupled with each other both in the vertical and in the horizontal direction, thus increasing the coupling and the complexity of the final system and reducing its volume.

As shown in FIG. 4d , the communication pads or leads may have different geometrical shapes and/or appropriate surface coatings so as to create mechanical structures, which can be fit to each other in order to facilitate the creation of the whole system, according to an embodiment. For example, as illustrated, complementary geometric shapes for communication pads 452 s, 452 c may be provided so as to establish a reliable horizontal wired communication channel 457.

FIG. 4e schematically illustrates the system 400, in which wireless links or wireless couplings may also be implemented, according to an embodiment. For example, the system 400 may include the communication pads 452 s with appropriate configuration so as to act as an antenna, which may be coupled to the corresponding transceiver circuit 470 in the associated integrated circuit die. In this manner, the pads 452 s may appropriately be embedded into the dielectric material 414 of the side surface 410 s of the package 410. In this case, a substantially planar surface configuration may be obtained at the side surface 410 s. Furthermore, other wireless communication channels may be implemented, as for instance indicated by 456 so as to provide for vertical wireless communication of the package 410. For example, as also previously discussed, the pads 452 s may be used as a capacitive interface and may also not protrude from the surface of the package 410.

FIG. 4f schematically illustrates a further embodiment, in which an increase of the capacitive coupling among the pads 452 s is achieved by providing a dielectric material 458 at the respective sides of the packages 410 a, 410 b, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4g schematically illustrates a further variant, in which at least some of the pads 452 s may also be used as an interface of a magnetic type, according to an embodiment. To this end, the pads 452 s are formed at least partly of materials with magnetic properties. For example, conductive soft-magnetic materials may be used. In this case, the associated wire-bond structure 406 is at least partly made of materials with magnetic properties and one of its ends is arranged in the vicinity of an antenna 473 of the inductive type, for example, by coupling such an end to a pad. The antenna 473, in turn, is coupled to the transceiver circuit 470.

With reference to FIGS. 5a to 5f , further illustrative embodiments will now be described, in which the communication mechanism is implemented in the form of a package including a flexible substrate material, in which respective components of the communication mechanism are implemented.

FIG. 5a schematically illustrates an electronic system 500 including a plurality of integrated circuit dies 502 a, 502 b, which may communicate in the vertical direction by using any appropriate mechanism, as for instance also discussed above, according to an embodiment.

Furthermore, a package 510 accommodates the integrated circuit dies 502 a, 502 b and includes as a portion thereof or inside the corresponding package material a flexible substrate in the form of a flexible printed circuit which provides the lateral couplings of the package 510. The flexible printed circuit may represent the communication mechanism 550, which may impart horizontal communication capabilities to the package 510 and thus to the integrated circuit dies 502 a, 502 b contained therein. The package 510 may include a single integrated circuit die (not shown), while in other cases two or more integrated circuit dies may be provided, wherein, instead of a direct-contact structure between the various integrated circuit dies, the corresponding vertical coupling may be established via the communication mechanism 550 in the form of a flexible printed circuit. In other cases, each integrated circuit die may individually be packaged on the basis of the flexible printed circuit, which in turn may appropriately be configured so as to allow direct or wireless communication with any adjacent package.

As shown in FIGS. 5b and 5c , the communication mechanism 550 in the form of the flexible printed circuit may have several shapes depending on the application and on the technique/assembly process used, according to an embodiment. As illustrated, the communication structure 551 coupling the various communication pads, such as lateral pads 552 s, may have any appropriate configuration so as to provide for the desired coupling. The flexible printed circuits 550 may be provided with holes or with any other appropriate openings 559 so as to facilitate molding operations in order to provide for mechanical and electrical stability and integrity of the package.

As shown in FIGS. 5d and 5e also in this case, the system 500 with a desired number of packages 510 may be implemented so as to have high coupling, and the packages 510 may be arranged with respect to each other in several ways, according to an embodiment. In the example shown in FIG. 5d , the packages 510 are arranged both in a horizontal and vertical direction, such as the package 510 v with respect to the PCBs 530 a, 530 b.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5e , in addition to, or alternatively, an adapting substrate 515 may be implemented so as to enable the adaptation of the various packages 510 so as to comply with the configuration of the final system, according to an embodiment. For example, the package 510 s of reduced height may be appropriately coupled to the PCB 530 b by using the adapter 515.

Generally, it should be appreciated that due to communication mechanism 550 provided in the form of a flexible printed circuit for at least some of the packages 510, the desired vertical and horizontal communication capability is imparted to the electronic systems, thereby also providing advantages as discussed above, for instance by reducing the complexity of the routing in the corresponding PCBs of the system 500.

As shown in FIG. 5f , also wireless communication capabilities may be implemented in the mechanism 550 by configuring some of the pads 552 s as appropriate antennas, which are coupled by the communication structure 551 with an appropriate transceiver circuit 570, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 6a schematically illustrates a further embodiment, wherein in the system 600 communication mechanism 650 may be provided so as to be positioned partly within a package 610 and partly outside of the package 610. As shown, one or more integrated circuit dies 602 a, 602 b may be provided in the package 610 and may be coupled via any appropriate communication mechanism in order to allow signal exchange between the one or more integrated circuit dies within the package 610. Furthermore, the communication mechanism 650 is provided so as to have a first portion 650 a that may be located within the package 610 and may couple to one or more of the integrated circuit dies 602 a, 602 b. In the example shown, the first portion 650 a may couple to the integrated circuit die 602 b, for instance, by providing an appropriate communication structure (not shown) within the material of the mechanism 650. For example, a flexible insulating material or any other appropriate material may be provided and may have incorporated therein corresponding conductive regions, as is also discussed above. Furthermore, a second portion 650 b may extend to the outside of the package 610 and may thus form corresponding appendices, which may also include a portion of the communication structure and have formed thereon appropriate communication pads (not shown), as is for instance also discussed above in the previous embodiments.

FIG. 6b schematically illustrates the system 600 after the second portion 650 b has been treated in order to extend above side surfaces of the package 610 and thus also above side surfaces of at least some of the integrated circuit dies 602 a, 602 b, according to an embodiment. The second portion 650 b may be brought into the final configuration by any appropriate technique, for instance by heat forming, which may be applied prior to or after manufacturing the package 610. Consequently, the second portion 650 b imparts horizontal communication capabilities to the package 610, thereby allowing appropriate combination of a plurality of packages 610 in order to form a complex electronic system.

FIG. 6c schematically illustrates the electronic system 600, in which a plurality of packages 610 a, . . . , 610 d are combined by any appropriate contact type and are also coupled to PCBs 630 a, 630 b, respectively, according to an embodiment. For example, the horizontal communication capability provided by the communication mechanism 650, i.e., by the corresponding second portions thereof 650 b, may enable a highly efficient coupling to the verticality arranged PCB 630 b, while vertical communication capabilities of the individual packages 610 a, . . . , 610 d may enable a coupling to the PCB 630 a.

In further embodiments, the PCBs 630 b, 630 a may also be provided with appropriate coupling so as to couple to each other, thus further increasing coupling of the system 600 and reducing the requirement for further external wired and wireless couplings.

FIG. 6d schematically illustrates the system 600, in which the wireless communication structure 640 may provide for transfer of signals and/or energy between at least some of the integrated circuit dies in the package 610, according to an embodiment. For example, the wireless communication structure 640 may include a first portion 640 a formed in the integrated circuit die 602 a and an appropriately positioned portion 640 b formed in the integrated circuit die 602 b. The structure 640 may be formed so as to facilitate energy transfer and/or signal exchange. To this end, for example, a magnetic TSV may be provided in the corresponding portions 640 a, 640 b, where inside the structure 640 an antenna of the inductive type may be provided close to the magnetic core of the magnetic TSV. In order to further enhance the wireless communication capabilities of the system 600, also the wireless communication channel may be established on the basis of the communication mechanism 650, for instance by coupling a transceiver circuit 670 to a communication pad 652 s by means of a communication structure 651, thereby providing antennas positioned external to the package 610.

FIG. 6e schematically illustrates the system 600, wherein packages 610 a, 610 b are positioned laterally adjacent to each other, thereby enabling horizontal communication by means of the wireless communication path 656, according to an embodiment. In this manner, complexity of any PCBs may further be reduced, since a high degree of wireless communication and even energy transfer may be established within the system 600.

FIG. 6f schematically illustrates the system 600, wherein the communication mechanism 650 is entirely positioned outside of the package 610, according to an embodiment. Moreover, the integrated circuit dies, for instance integrated circuit dies 602 a, 602 b, may be coupled by any appropriate mechanism, for instance by direct bonding, as shown in FIG. 6f , or by any other appropriate contact regime, such as wireless communication, as discussed above. On the other hand, the horizontal communication capability of the package 610 is still provided by the portion 650 b as also discussed above, but here the mechanism 650 is external to the package 610.

FIG. 6g schematically illustrates the system 600, which includes the external communication mechanism 650, while package-internal communication of the integrated circuit dies may be accomplished by wireless communication paths established by respective antennas 673 and associated transceiver circuits 670, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 6h schematically illustrates a generic package 610 of the system 600, in which the various integrated circuit dies of different sizes are combined in a stacked configuration and communicate through wireless interfaces, according to an embodiment. To this end, the generic package 610 may be divided into at least two sub-packages 610 a, 610 b.

The integrated circuit dies 602 a, 602 b communicating through wireless communication provided by respective transceiver circuits 670 and antennas 673 may have positioned the respective antennas 673 at an exposed surface area of the respective sub-package in order to promote the wireless signal exchange. In some illustrative embodiments, a material 675 may be present between the two sub-packages, which further improves the wireless communication. For example, the material 675 may include appropriate particles of a suitable type for improving the communication between the two antennas. For example, the particles may have magnetic properties if the antennas 673 are of the inductive type. On the other hand, the particles have conductive properties if the antennas 673 are of the capacitive type.

FIG. 6i schematically illustrates an embodiment, in which, for instance, the overall configuration of the system 600 dictates a non-aligned positioning of the antennas 673. For example, one of the integrated circuit dies may be positioned laterally offset with respect to the other integrated circuit die. In this case, the particles within the material 675 may be used to form strips inside the carrier material 675, thereby still providing for efficient wireless communication, even if the antennas are provided off axis. In this case, the appropriately configured material 675, for instance including specifically selected particles, may represent a communication mechanism that provides for vertical and horizontal communication.

FIG. 6j schematically illustrates an embodiment of the system 600, in which the wireless communication between individual integrated circuit dies may be established on the basis of very complex structures, such as the wireless communication structure 640, as discussed above. To this end, each of the associated integrated circuit dies may have an appropriate portion, for instance in the form of magnetic TSV, so as to allow even energy transfer between the individual integrated circuit dies. Also in this case, an appropriate material 675 may be provided at an interface, thereby providing for superior mechanical adhesion of respective packages without unduly deteriorating the efficiency of the wireless contact structure 640. For example, soft-magnetic particles may be incorporated into the material 675 in an appropriately spatially adjusted manner so as to improve the coupling between the various elements of the structure 640. Hence, by increasing the wireless communication and energy transfer capabilities of the various packages, an increased degree of modularity may be achieved.

FIG. 6k schematically illustrates a system 600 in a non-assembled stage, according to an embodiment, wherein the first portion 600 a may have any appropriate configuration, for instance a plurality of packages or integrated circuit dies communicating with each other, for instance as indicated by the horizontal communication H. Similarly, the second portion 600 b may be provided and may have an appropriate configuration, wherein also a desired communication may be established between the various components of the portion 600 b. It should be appreciated that due to the modularity of the system 600 any appropriate components may be combined or may be replaced with other components so as to increase overall flexibility in designing complex electronic systems on the basis of a limited number of different components. In other cases, the modular nature of the system 600 may enhance the process of assembling the system 600.

As shown in FIG. 6l , by bringing the various parts of the modular system close to each other, it is thus possible to establish and improve their wireless communication, thereby forming a compact, reliable, and easy-to-repair electronic system, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 7a schematically illustrates an electronic system 700 according to further illustrative embodiments, in which vertical and horizontal communication may be established on the basis of the communication mechanism 750 including a continuous material that enables wireless communication in both the vertical and horizontal directions. As shown, the system 700 may include a plurality of integrated circuit dies 702 a, 702 b including corresponding circuits 770 in combination with antennas 773 in order to provide for wireless communication. To this end, the communication mechanism 750 may be provided so as to be positioned at least partially above side surfaces and at least one major surface of the corresponding integrated circuit die, thereby enabling the wireless contacting of the respective transceiver circuits 770 via the associated antenna 773. For example, the mechanism 750 may include an appropriate material including particles of an appropriate type, as previously discussed, that imparts the desired signal transmission properties to the carrier material. For example, the base material in the form of any appropriate dielectric material, such as the molding material, may appropriately be prepared by incorporating a desired type of particles so as to obtain continuous areas in the carrier material so as to cover significant portions of surface areas of the corresponding IC. For example, the particles, such as conductive particles, magnetic particles, and the like may be provided within a carrier material, such as the molding material, thereby providing for substantially continuous conductive or magnetic characteristics so that the mechanism 750 may appropriately couple to the associated antenna 773. Since any particles may be distributed in a substantially continuous manner within at least a significant and continuous portion of the mechanism 750, a corresponding coupling is established to any adjacent integrated circuit die or package including appropriate mechanisms for coupling to the mechanism 750. In the example shown in FIG. 7a , the integrated circuit dies 702 a and 702 b may include or may be associated with a corresponding communication mechanism 750, thereby providing for vertical wireless communication between these integrated circuit dies, while also providing for horizontal communication capabilities, since the continuous material of the mechanism 750 is also provided above side surfaces of the integrated circuit dies.

FIG. 7b schematically illustrates the system 700, in which horizontal and vertical communication may be established on the basis of the communication mechanisms 750, as discussed above, according to an embodiment.

As a result, an embodiment provides electronic systems, in which coupling is enhanced by using a communication mechanism that at least provides for horizontal communication capabilities without deteriorating electrical integrity of integrated-circuit dies. The illustrative embodiments described above may be modified and varied according to requirements of complex electronic systems, for instance, by selecting any appropriate number of integrated-circuit dies of the same or different type. Furthermore, different types of communication mechanisms may be implemented in the same electronic system, if considered appropriate. For example, any such hybrid configuration may include the communication mechanism 350, as discussed above, in combination with one or more of the communication mechanisms 450, 550, 650, and 750. Furthermore, the degree of wireless communication may be selected in accordance with the overall requirements, for instance in terms of complexity of individual integrated circuit dies, the compatibility with manufacturing techniques for providing certain types of circuit portions as may be required for wireless communication channels, and the like. Furthermore, the electronic systems including one or more of the above-identified communication mechanisms may also readily be combined with any conventional contact regimes in order to obtain the desired high degree of coupling within a complex electronic system.

Hence, coupling of integrated circuit dies and packages may be considerably increased, thus reducing the dimensions of the electronic systems, while also reducing complexity of the routing in PCBs and reducing the requirement for complex external wired and wireless couplings for coupling PCBs of the electronic system, according to an embodiment.

Due to the superior coupling, the electronic systems may be designed so as to operate at high frequencies, while nevertheless a high reliability is guaranteed, according to an embodiment.

Furthermore, the level of standardization among the various integrated circuit dies, packages and systems is thus increased, thereby resulting in a highly efficient manufacturing and assembling techniques, according to an embodiment.

Moreover, integrated circuit dies as described above may be coupled to each other or to one or more other components to form an electronic system, such as a computer system, according to an embodiment. One or more of the integrated circuit dies may be, or may include, a computing circuit such as a microprocessor or a microcontroller.

From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Furthermore, where an alternative is disclosed for a particular embodiment, this alternative may also apply to other embodiments even if not specifically stated. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: a first integrated circuit die singulated from a wafer and comprising a first semiconductor substrate and a first metallization structure mounted to the first semiconductor substrate, wherein the first metallization structure includes a first contact pad; a second integrated circuit die singulated from a wafer and comprising a second semiconductor substrate and a second metallization structure mounted to the second semiconductor substrate, wherein the second metallization structure includes a second contact pad; a first dielectric layer disposed in contact with the first metallization structure and a side surface of the first semiconductor substrate, said first dielectric layer including a first communication pad that is electrically connected to said first contact pad; a second dielectric layer disposed in contact with the second metallization structure and a side surface of the second semiconductor substrate, said second dielectric layer including a second communication pad that is electrically connected to said second contact pad; wherein the first dielectric layer is positioned in physical contact with the second dielectric layer, and wherein the first communication pad is positioned for direct mechanical and electrical connection with the second communication pad.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first communication pad is disposed on a face of the first dielectric layer extending parallel to a top surface of the first metallization structure, and wherein the second communication pad is disposed on a face of the second dielectric layer extending parallel to a top surface of the second metallization structure.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first dielectric layer further includes a third communication pad that is disposed on an additional face of the first dielectric layer extending parallel to the side surface of the first metallization structure.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the first semiconductor substrate includes integrated circuits and wherein the first and third communication pads are electrically connected to the first contact pad.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first communication pad is disposed on a face of the first dielectric layer extending parallel to the side surface of the first metallization structure, and wherein the second communication pad is disposed on a face of the second dielectric layer extending parallel to the side surface of the second metallization structure.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the first dielectric layer further includes a third communication pad that is disposed on an additional face of the first dielectric layer extending parallel to a top surface of the first metallization structure.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first semiconductor substrate includes integrated circuits and wherein the first and third communication pads are electrically connected to the first contact pad.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a conductive contact material on a surface of each of the first and second communications pads that is configured to enable said direct electrical and mechanical connection.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first dielectric layer further comprises a third communication pad electrically connected to an antenna supported at least in part by the first metallization structure.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first dielectric layer further comprises a third communication pad electrically connected to a wireless communications circuit supported at least in part by the first metallization structure.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the wireless communications circuit is configured to support one of a capacitive signal exchange or an inductive signal exchange.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the side surface of the first semiconductor substrate is a surface where the first integrated circuit die was singulated from the wafer, and wherein the first dielectric layer extends in physical contact with said side surface.
 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the side surface of the first semiconductor substrate is a surface where the first integrated circuit die was singulated from the wafer, further including a mold block in contact with the side surface of the first semiconductor substrate, and wherein the first dielectric layer extends in physical contact with a side surface of the mold block.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the mold block has bottom surface coplanar to a bottom surface of said first semiconductor substrate and a top surface coplanar to a top surface of the first metallization structure.
 15. An apparatus, comprising: a first integrated circuit die singulated from a wafer and comprising a first semiconductor substrate and a first metallization structure mounted to the first semiconductor substrate, wherein the first metallization structure includes a first contact pad and wherein the first semiconductor substrate includes a first through silicon via having a first end exposed at a bottom surface of the first semiconductor substrate; a second integrated circuit die singulated from a wafer and comprising a second semiconductor substrate and a second metallization structure mounted to the second semiconductor substrate, wherein the second metallization structure includes a second contact pad; a first dielectric layer disposed in contact with the first metallization structure and a side surface of the first semiconductor substrate, said first dielectric layer including a first communication pad that is electrically connected to said first contact pad; a second dielectric layer disposed in contact with the second metallization structure and a side surface of the second semiconductor substrate, said second dielectric layer including a second communication pad that is electrically connected to said second contact pad; wherein the second dielectric layer is positioned in physical contact with the bottom surface of the first semiconductor substrate, and wherein the second communication pad is positioned for direct mechanical and electrical connection with the end of the first through silicon via.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the first communication pad is disposed on a face of the first dielectric layer extending parallel to a top surface of the first metallization structure, and wherein the second communication pad is disposed on a face of the second dielectric layer extending parallel to a top surface of the second metallization structure.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the first dielectric layer further includes a third communication pad that is disposed on an additional face of the first dielectric layer extending parallel to the side surface of the first metallization structure.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the first semiconductor substrate includes integrated circuits and wherein the first and third communication pads are electrically connected to the first contact pad.
 19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the first dielectric layer further comprises a third communication pad electrically connected to an antenna supported at least in part by the first metallization structure.
 20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the first dielectric layer further comprises a third communication pad electrically connected to a wireless communications circuit supported at least in part by the first metallization structure.
 21. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the wireless communications circuit is configured to support one of a capacitive signal exchange or an inductive signal exchange.
 22. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the side surface of the first semiconductor substrate is a surface where the first integrated circuit die was singulated from the wafer, and wherein the first dielectric layer extends in physical contact with said side surface.
 23. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the side surface of the first semiconductor substrate is a surface where the first integrated circuit die was singulated from the wafer, further including a mold block in contact with the side surface of the first semiconductor substrate, and wherein the first dielectric layer extends in physical contact with a side surface of the mold block.
 24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the mold block has bottom surface coplanar to a bottom surface of said first semiconductor substrate and a top surface coplanar to a top surface of the first metallization structure. 